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Query Hythlodaywho could rule the world and still finish all her homework (view post) |
07/01/2008 | |
IIRZFlorent Pagny (b. November 6, 1961 in Chalon-sur-Saône) is a French singer. He records work in French, Spanish and English. As Actor he has appeared in 1982 in A Captain’s Honor. His greatest hits are “N’importe quoi”, “Savoir aimer”, “Ma liberté de penser” (all three were #1 in France) and “Caruso” (#2 in France). Contents [hide]
* 1 Discography o 1.1 2 o 1.2 Ailleurs Land o 1.3 Baryton o 1.4 Abracadabra o 1.5 Pagny chante Brel * 2 External links
[edit] Discography
* N’importe quoi (1987) – first single * Laissez-nous respirer (1988) * Merci (1990) – first album -Ça fait des nuits -Presse qui roule * Réaliste (1992) -Tue-moi -Qu’est-ce qu’on a fait ? * Rester vrai (1994) -Est-ce que tu me suis ? -Si tu veux m’essayer * Bienvenue chez moi (1995) -Caruso -Oh happy days -Bienvenue chez moi * Savoir aimer (1997) -Savoir aimer -Dors -Chanter * RéCréation (1997)- new versions of old songs -Jolie môme (Léo Ferré) -Requiem pour un con (Serge Gainsbourg) * Châtelet les Halles (2000) -Et un jour une femme -Châtelet les Halles
[edit] 2 Album 2
* Released: 2001 (FR.) * Notes:album with duets * Official Singles: o L’Air du temps with Cécilia Cara o We are the champions with David Hallyday
[edit] Ailleurs Land Album Ailleurs land
* Released: 2003 (FR.) * Official Singles: o “Ma liberté de penser” o “Je trace” o “Je parle même pas d’amour”
[edit] Baryton Album Baryton
* Released: 2004 (FR.) * Official Singles: o “Io le canto per te”
[edit] Abracadabra Album Abracadabra
* Released: 2006 (FR.) * Official Singles: o “Là où je t’emmènerai” o “Le Mur” – December 2006
[edit] Pagny chante Brel Album Pagny chante Brel
* Released: 2007 (FR.) * Official Singles: o “La chanson de Jacky” (view post) |
07/01/2008 | |
IIRZTellurium (pronounced /tɪˈlʊəriəm/, /tɛl-/) is a chemical element that has the symbol Te and atomic number 52. A brittle silver-white metalloid which looks like tin, tellurium is chemically related to selenium and sulfur. Tellurium is primarily used in alloys and as a semiconductor. Contents [hide]
* 1 Notable characteristics * 2 Applications * 3 History * 4 Occurrence * 5 Compounds * 6 Isotopes * 7 Precautions * 8 References * 9 External links
[edit] Notable characteristics
Tellurium is extremely rare, one of the nine rarest elements on earth. It is in the same chemical family as oxygen, sulfur, selenium, and polonium (the chalcogens).
When crystalline, tellurium is silvery-white and when it is in its pure state it has a metallic luster. This is a brittle and easily pulverized metalloid. Amorphous tellurium is found by precipitating it from a solution of tellurous or telluric acid (Te(OH)6). However, there is some debate whether this form is really amorphous or made of minute crystals.
[edit] Applications
Tellurium is a p-type semiconductor that shows a greater conductivity in certain directions which depends on atomic alignment. Chemically related to selenium and sulfur, the conductivity of this element increases slightly when exposed to light (photoelectric effect).
It can be doped with copper, gold, silver, tin, or other metals. When in its molten state, tellurium is corrosive to copper, iron, and stainless steel.
Tellurium gives a greenish-blue flame when burned in normal air and forms tellurium dioxide as a result.
Metal alloys
* It is mostly used in alloys with other metals. It is added to lead to improve its strength and durability, and to decrease the corrosive action of sulfuric acid. * When added to stainless steel and copper it makes these metals more workable. It is alloyed into cast iron for chill control.
Other uses:
* Used in ceramics. * It is used in chalcogenide glbumes. * Tellurium is used in blasting caps * Organic tellurides have been employed as initiators for living radical polymerisation and electron-rich mono- and di-tellurides possess antioxidant activity.
High purity metalorganics of both selenium and tellurium are used in the semiconductor industry, and are prepared by adduct purification. [1][2]
Semiconductor and electronic industry uses:
* Tellurium is used in the media layer of several types of rewritable optical discs, including ReWritable Compact Discs (CD-RW), ReWritable Digital Video Discs (DVD-RW) and ReWritable Blu-ray Discs (See here).
* Tellurium is used in the new phase change memory chips developed by Intel. See phase change memory. Also see here.
* Bismuth telluride (Bi2Te3) is used in thermoelectric devices.
* Tellurium is used in cadmium telluride (CdTe) solar panels. NREL lab tests using this material achieved some of the highest efficiencies for solar cell electric power generation. First Solar Inc. started mbumive commercial production of CdTe solar panels in recent years, significantly increased tellurium demand. If some of the cadmium in CdTe is replaced by zinc then CdZnTe is formed which is used in solid-state x-ray detectors.
* Alloyed with both cadmium and mercury, to form mercury cadmium telluride, an infrared sensitive semiconductor material is formed. Organotellurium compounds such as dimethyl telluride, diethyl telluride, diisopropyl telluride, diallyl telluride and methyl allyl telluride are used as precursors for MOVPE growth of II-VI compound semiconductors. Diisopropyl telluride (DIPTe) is employed as the preferred precursor for achieving the low temperature growth of CdHgTe by MOVPE.
[edit] History
Tellurium (Latin tellus meaning “earth”Log in to see images! was discovered in 1782 by the Hungarian Franz-Joseph Müller von Reichenstein (Müller Ferenc) in Nagyszeben (now, Sibiu) Transylvania. In 1789, another Hungarian scientist, Pál Kitaibel, also discovered the element independently, but later he gave the credit to Müller. In 1798, it was named by Martin Heinrich Klaproth who earlier isolated it.
Tellurium was used as a chemical bonder in the making of the outer shell of the first atom bomb. The 1960s brought growth in thermoelectric applications for tellurium, as well as its use in free-machining steel, which became the dominant use.
[edit] Occurrence
With an abundance in the Earth’s crust even lower than platinum, tellurium is, apart from the precious metals, the rarest stable solid element in the earth’s crust. Its abundance in the Earth’s crust is 1 to 5 ppb, compared with 5 to 37 ppb for platinum. By comparison, even the rarest of the lanthanides have crustal abundances of 500 ppb.
The extreme rarity of tellurium in the Earth’s crust is not a reflection of its cosmic abundance, which is in fact greater than that of rubidium[1], even though rubidium is ten thousand times more abundant in the Earth’s crust. Rather, the extraordinarily low abundance of tellurium on Earth results from the fact that, during the formation of the Earth, the stable form of elements in the absence of oxygen and water was controlled by the oxidation and reduction of hydrogen. Under this scenario elements such as tellurium which form volatile hydrides were severely depleted during the formation of the Earth’s crust through evaporation. Tellurium and selenium are the heavy elements most depleted in the Earth’s crust by this process.
Tellurium is sometimes found in its native (elemental) form, but is more often found as the tellurides of gold (calaverite, krennerite, petzite, sylvanite, and others). Tellurium compounds are the only chemical compounds of gold found in nature, but tellurium itself (unlike gold) is also found combined with other elements (in metallic salts). The principal source of tellurium is from anode sludges produced during the electrolytic refining of blister copper. It is a component of dusts from blast furnace refining of lead. Treatment of 500 tons of copper ore typically yields one pound of tellurium. Tellurium is produced mainly in the US, Canada, Peru, and Japan. See here.
Commercial-grade tellurium is usually marketed as minus 200-mesh powder but is also available as slabs, ingots, sticks, or lumps. The year-end price for tellurium in 2000 was US$14 per pound. In recent years, tellurium price was driven up by increased demand and limited supply, reaching as high as US$100 per pound in 2006. See also here.
See also: Telluride, Colorado, category:Telluride minerals
Tellurium crystal Tellurium crystal
[edit] Compounds
Tellurium is in the same series as sulfur and selenium and forms similar compounds. A compound with metal or hydrogen and similar ions is called a telluride. Gold and silver tellurides are considered good ores. Compounds with tellurate ions complexes TeO42- or TeO66- are known as tellurates. Also tellurites TeO32-. Also tellurols –TeH, named with prefix tellanyl- or suffix -tellurol.
See also: Category:Tellurium compounds
[edit] Isotopes
Main article: isotopes of tellurium
There are 30 known isotopes of tellurium with atomic mbumes that range from 108 to 137. Naturally found tellurium consists of eight isotopes (listed in the table to the right); three of them are observed to be radioactive. 128Te has the longest known half-life, 2.2×1024 years, among all radioactive isotopes.[citation needed]
[edit] Precautions
Tellurium and tellurium compounds should be considered to be mildly toxic and need to be handled with care.
Acute poisoning is rare.[3] Tellurium is not reported to be carcinogenic.[3]
Humans exposed to as little as 0.01 mg/m3 or less in air develop “tellurium breath”, which has a garlic-like odor.[4] The garlic odor that is bumociated with human intake of tellurium compounds is caused from the tellurium being metabolized by the body. When the body metabolizes tellurium in any oxidation state, the tellurium gets converted into dimethyl telluride. Dimethyl telluride is volatile and produces the garlic-like smell. Even though the metabolic pathways of tellurium are not known, it is generally bumumed that they resemble those of the more extensively studied selenium, because the final methylated metabolic products of the two elements are similar. (view post) |
07/01/2008 | |
IIRZCouncil for International Development (also Kaunihera mō te Whakapakari Ao Whanui in Māori) is a New Zealand organisation that exists to support international development aid programmes that seek to end poverty. It comprises 80 member organisations, including most of New Zealand’s most important development organisations.
The organisation seeks to act as a forum for improving the type and capacity of development aid, and to improve the practices of the New Zealand Government, particularly the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade and NZAID (New Zealand Agency for International Development). Because of New Zealand’s proximity to the region, the Pacific Islands and Asia are a particular focus. (view post) |
07/01/2008 | |
IIRZiirz is obsessed with fishtanks fine upstanding member of society what
also he has asperger’s (view post) |
07/01/2008 | |
put this thread in the closet of shamefine upstanding member of society fine upstanding member of society japs (view post) |
06/30/2008 | |
The ^<v game!^doesn’t have any balls (view post) |
06/30/2008 | |
The ^<v game!^ < v ranking: A (view post) |
06/30/2008 | |
This is why you should always wear your seatbelt... (NSFW pics)ps NANA IS ACTUALLY A GIRL HAHAHAHAHAHAHAHAHhhah (view post) |
06/30/2008 | |
This is why you should always wear your seatbelt... (NSFW pics)Mewmew Posted:
this schtick sucks (view post) |
06/30/2008 | |
trout likes having sexDr_Kraid Posted:(view post) |
06/30/2008 | |
GENTLEPLAN: THE TRUTH<!Gentlemens> KRAID IS AN AAHZ ALT <%Dr_Kraid> who isn’t <!Gentlemens> I am <!Gentlemens> so is monkey <!Gentlemens> so is janie <!Gentlemens> so is death <!Gentlemens> my whole klan is alts actually <!Gentlemens> of aahz
FIRST YOU HEARD IT HERE (view post) |
06/30/2008 | |
trout likes having sexrequesting move to full of won (view post) |
06/30/2008 | |
trout likes having sexwith men (view post) |
06/30/2008 | |
CLOSED: 19 BP prize - Avatar/Title competitionLog in to see images!
“NOBODY ISN’T GAY FOR PANTS” (view post) |
06/30/2008 | |
Evil Trouth is ****ing lazyLog in to see images! (view post) |
06/30/2008 | |
You've disabled IDC from showing up in your options.maybe because I DON’T GIVE A **** (view post) |
06/30/2008 | |
y'all are boring stop being boringTOO SLOW fine upstanding member of societyS I STOPPED LOVING YOU A LONG TIME AGO (view post) |
06/29/2008 | |
y'all are boring stop being boringboring you’re all fine upstanding member of societys stop being boring quick quick give me something to draw and i’ll do it i’m just that bored (view post) |
06/29/2008 | |
why do dip****s insist on ruining my threadsBalloon Posted:
i’ve no idea what you’re talking about but i’m certain only basement-dwelling neckbeards would (view post) |
06/29/2008 |