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ChilePepino

Avatar: 101005 2010-01-24 16:17:40 -0500
5

[Full of SbumSS]

Level 35 Permanoob

Well, spf357 really rocks.

Intarnet

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Phoar othr uses, C Intarweb (disambiguation).

thiz artical needs additional citations fo verification. Please halp improove Dis article bai adding reliable Refernces. Unsourced material mae bee challanged & removed. (July 2008)

Visualization uv De various routes threw portion ov tha Intarnet. Intarweb portal

th’ Intarnet r global sytem off interconnected coputer networks dat interchange data bye packet switching useing standardized Intarweb Protocal Suite (TCP/IP). Itz iz “network networks” taht consists o’ millions uv Privte en public, academic, buisness, govenrment networks ov local too global scope dat ar linked bai copper wires, fiber-optic cables, wireless connections, + udder technologies.

tehz Intarnet carries various informtion resources & services, such az electronic mail, online chat, file transfer en file sharing, online gaming, da inter-linked hypertext docgreat timesents + othr resources off thee Wrld Wide Web (WWW).

Contents [hide]

1 Terminology

2 Hstory

2.1 Creation

2.2 Growth

2.3 Univeristy students’ appreciation & contributions

3 2day’s Intarweb

3.1 Intarnet protocols

3.2 Intarweb structure

3.3 ICANN

3.4 Laguage

3.5 Intarnet en de workplace

3.6 tha Intarweb viewed oan mobile devices

4 Common uses

4.1 E-mail

4.2 th’ Worls Wide Web

4.3 Remote access

4.4 Collaboration

4.5 File sharing

4.6 Streaming media

4.7 Intarnet Telphony (VoIP)

5 Intarweb bye region

6 Intarnet access

7 Social impact

7.1 poltical organiztion censorship

7.2 Liesure activities

8 Complex archetecture

9 Marketting

10 terms “internet” + “Internet”

11 sea alzo

11.1 Major aspects & issues

11.2 Functions

11.3 Underlying infrastructure

11.4 Regulatory bodies

12 Notes

13 References

14 External links

Terminology

tehz terms Intarweb en Worls Wide Web am oftenly usd ins erry-dey speech without mush distinction. Howver, da Intarnet thee Worls Wide Web iz nawt 1 + De smae. tha Intarweb b global data Commuications sytem. Itz bee AN hardware & sofware infrastructure taht provides connectivity bw computers. n contrast, th’ Web r wun services communicated via tehz Intarnet. itz b collecton o’ interconnected docgreat timesents en udder resources, linked bai hyperlinks an URLs.[1]

Hstory

Main article: History uv Da Intarweb

Creation

an 1946 comic Scince-fiction stry, Logic Named Joe, bye Murray Leinster laid outs thee Intarnet + mennee ov itz’s strengths & weaknesses. howver, Itz took moar tahn an decade b4 reality began 2 catch op wid Thys vision.

de USSR’s launch off Sputnik spurred tha United States tew create th’ Advanced reasearch Projects Agency, known az ARPA, ins February 1958 too regain technological led.[2][3] ARPA creaeted Infomation Processing technolgy Office (IPTO) 2 Furuther tehz reasearch da Semi Automatic Ground enviroment (SAGE) program, wich haved networked country-wide radar systems 2gethr foar thee 1st tiem. J. C. R. Licklider wuz selected tew hed de IPTO, en seen universal networking az an potential unifying hooman revolution.

Licklider moved frum tha Psycho-Acoustic Labratory @ Harvard University too MIT n 1950, after becoming interested ins informtion technology. @ MIT, him served onna committee dat established Lincoln Laboratory an worked oan th’ SAGE project. n 1957 he becamae an Vice President @ BBN, whir he bought frist production PDP-1 cmoputer + conducted tehz 1st public demonstration o’ tym-sharing.

@ da IPTO, Licklider recruited Lawrence Roberts 2 hed project tew implement an network, & Roberts based thee technology Onna de wurk uv Paul Baran,[citation needed] who hads written an exhaustive studdy 4 tha U.S. Airs Force taht recommended packet switching (Az oppossed too circuit switching) 2 makes network highly robust en survivable. After mush wrk, th’ frist twpo nodes ov wut would bgreat times ARPANET wurr interconnected tween UCLA an SRI Intenational Ins Menlo Park, California, oan October 29, 1969. tehz ARPANET wuz 1 off da “eve” networks todya’s Intarweb.

follwoing Onna frum Thee demonstration dat packet switching worked oan de ARPANET, Tha British Post Office, Telenet, DATAPAC + TRANSPAC collaborated tew create th’ 1st internation packet-switched network sevice. n UK, thiz bin refered too az tehz International Packet Switched sevice (IPSS), ins 1978. da collection o’ X.25-based networks grew frum Europe & Thee US 2 cover Canada, Hong Kong en Australia bai 1981. de X.25 packet switching standard wuz developed N tha CCITT (nao called ITU-T) roun 1976.

X.25 bean indpendent uv th’ TCP/IP protocols taht arised frum experimental werk ov DARPA onna tehz ARPANET, Packet Radio Net an Packet Satellite Net durig Da same tiem period. Vinton Cerf + Robert Kahn developed thee first description off de TCP protocols duting 1973 & published an papes oan tha subject ins mhey 1974. Uz th’ term “Intarnet” tew decribe single global TCP/IP network originated n December 1974 wit publication o’ RFC 675, tehz first ful specification uv TCP dat wuz written bye Vinton Cerf, Yogen Dalal en Carl Sunshine, hten @ Stanford University. During da next nine years, wurk proceeded too refine thee protocols an 2 implement dem onna an wide range ov operating systems.

de first TCP/IP-based wide-area network been operational bai January 1, 1983 wen al hosts oan tha ARPANET whir switched ovr form th’ older NCP protocols. ins 1985, United States’ National Science Foundation (NSF) comisioned tehz construction off Da NSFNET, an university 56 kilobit/2nd network backbone Useing computers called “fuzzballs” bye Thar inventor, David L. Mills. thee following yr, NSF sponsored de conversion tew heigher-speed 1.5 megabit/2nd network. an key decision too yuze tha DARPA TCP/IP protocols been made bai Dennis Jennings, thn n charge th’ Supercomputer program at NSF.

opening o’ tehz network 2 commerical interests began ins 1988. Da US Federal Networking Council approved thee interconnection uv de NSFNET tew tha commericial MCI Mail system n taht year + th’ link ws made ins summer ov 1989. othr commerical electronic e-mail services wurr soon conected, inlcuding OnTyme, Telemail & Compuserve. n dat same year, three commercial Intarweb service providers (ISP) were created: UUNET, PSINET en CERFNET. Important, seperate networks taht offered gateways inot, thne l8r merged wif, tehz Intarnet includ Usenet an BITNET. Various udder commercial + educational networks, such az Telenet, Tymnet, Compuserve & JANET were interconnected wid da growing Intarweb. Telenet (lates called Sprintnet) weas larg privately funded national coputer network wit fre dial-upp access ins cities throughout thee U.S. dat had been n operation sins de 1970s. dis network was eventually interconnected wif tha others ins th’ 1980s az TCP/IP protocal becamae increasingly populer. tehz abilty off TCP/IP too wrk ovr virtualy eny pre-existing comminication networks allowed fur an great ease growth, although da rapid growth o’ Thee Intarnet was due primarily 2 de availablity uv commercial routers frum companies such az Cisco Systems, Proteon en Juniper, Tha availability ov commercial Ethernet equipment Phoar local-area networking, an th’ widespread implementation off TCP/IP onna UNIX operating system.

Growth

Although tehz basic Applicaitons + guidelines taht mayk da Intarweb possable had excisted fo almost decade, thee network did nots gain an public face until de 1990s. oan August 6, 1991, CERN, witch straddles Tha border bw France & Switzerland, publicized th’ gnu Worls Wide Web project. Web was invented bye English scientist Tim Berners-Lee n 1989.

An earl populare web browser was ViolaWWW, patterned after HyperCard en built using tehz X Window System. itz was eventually replaced ins popularaty bai da Mosaic web browser. N 1993, Thee National Center Foar Supercomputing applicaitons at de University Illinois released Verison 1.0 o’ Mosaic, an bye l8 1994 ther was growing public intrest ins tha previously academic, technical Intarnet. bai 1996 useage uv th’ w0rd Intarweb had bgreat times commonplace, + consequently, zo had itz uz az synecdoche n reference tew Worls Wide Web.

Meanwhile, ovr tehz course ov da decade, thee Intarnet successfully accommodated de majority off previously existing public cmoputer networks (although sum networks, such az FidoNet, hav remained separate). During tha 1990s, ITZ was estimated dat th’ Intarweb grew by 100% per year, wid an brief period explosive growth ins 1996 & 1997.[4] thys growth am oftenly attributed too lack o’ central adminstration, wich allows organic growth uv tehz network, az vell az da non-proprietary open nature ov thee Intarnet protocols, witch encourages vendor interoperability en prevents ne wun comany form exerting too mush control ovr De network.[citation needed]

University students’ appreciation an contributions

Nu findings n tha field off communications during th’ 1960s, 1970s + 1980s were quicklyu addopted by universities across North America.

Examples earl university Intarweb communities r Cleveland FreeNet, Blacksburg Electronic Village & NSTN ins Nova Scotia.[5] Students took op oportunity o’ Fre communications en seen thiz gnu phenomonon az tool uv liberation. peronal computers an tehz Intarnet would free em frum corporations + governments (Nelson, Jennings, Stallman).

Graduate students played an hyooj pt N da creation ov ARPANET. ins thee 1960s, De network wokring gropu, wich did moast off tha design 4 ARPANET’s protocols, was composed mailny graduate students.

Today’s Intarweb

th’ My Opera Community server rack. form top, user file storage (content o’ files.myopera.cmo), “bigma” (Tehz master MySQL database server), & twpo IBM blade centers containing multi-purpose machines (Apache front ends, Apache bak ends, slave MySQL database servers, load balancers, file servers, cache servers en sync masters).Aside form da complex physical connections taht make up itz’s infrastructure, thee Intarnet r facilitated by bi- oar multi-lateral commercial contracts (e.g., peering agreements), an by technical specifications ore protocols dat describe hao 2 excange data ovr De network. Indeed, tha Intarweb iz defined by itz interconnections + routing policies.

az uv June 30, 2008, 1.463 billion pepl yuze th’ Intarnet according tew Intarweb Worls Stats.[6]

Intarnet protocols

fur morr details onna dis topic, C Intarweb Protocol Suite.

complex communications infrastructure ov tehz Intarnet consists off Itz’s hardware components & system sofware layers taht control various aspects o’ da architecture. whil thee hardware cans oftenly bee yoozd too support otehr sofware systems, ITZ b De design en Tha rigourous standardization process uv Th’ sofware architecture dat characterizes Intarweb.

Tehz responsibility phoar Da architectural design ov thee Intarnet sofware systems haz been delegated 2 De Intarweb Engeneering Task Force (IETF).[7] Tha IETF conducts standard-setting owrk groups, open tew eny individual, baout th’ various aspects off Intarnet architecture. Resulting discussions an final standars ar published N Request fo Comments (RFCs), freely avaliable oan IETF web site.

tehz principal methods networking tyhat enable da Intarweb am contained ins an series o’ RFCs taht constitute Thee Intarnet Standards. deez standards describe system known az de Intarweb Protocol Suite. thys iz an modle architecture thta divides methods inot layered system uv protocols (RFC 1122, RFC 1123). tha layers corrispond too th’ environment oar scope n hwihc thar services operate. At top r tehz space (Aplication Layer) ov teh sofware application, e.g., an web browser application, + jus below Itz bee tjhe Transport Layer wich connects applicaitons onna different hosts via teh network (e.g., client-server model). tje underlying network consists off two layers: Thge Intarnet Layer whic enables computers 2 connect tew 1-another via intermediate (transit) networks & thus r tghe layer tath estabishes internetworking en teh Intarweb, an lastly, at tjhe bottom, r software layer that provides connectivity tween hosts oan teh same local link (therefor called Link Layer), e.g., an local area network (LAN) ore dial-up connection. Thiz model iz alzo known az tje TCP/IP model networking. Whyl otehr models haz been developed, such az thge Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model, thay b nawt compatable ins tghe details o’ description, nor implementation.

Teh mos prominant component uv tjhe Intarnet model are teh Intarweb Protocol (IP) whlch provides addresing systems Foar computers onna Tje Intarnet + faciliates thge internetworking ov networks. IP Verison 4 (IPv4) iz tghe inital version usd oan Teh first generation off tjhe today’s Intarweb & is still n dominiant uz. Itz was designed too address up 2 ~4.3 billion (109) intarnet hosts. howver, Teh explosive growth tje Intarweb gots led tew IPv4 address exhaustion. an nu protocol version, IPv6, was developed whcih provides vastly larger addressing capabilities en moar efficient routing of data trafic. IPv6 is currenly ins commercial deployment phase roun Thge Worls.

IPv6 is Nots interoperable wit IPv4. itz essentially establishes “parallel” version of tghe Intarnet nawt accessible wif IPv4 software. Dis means software upgrades b necessary 4 erry networking device that needs too communicate onna Teh IPv6 Intarweb. Most modern coputer operating systems r awready coverted 2 operate wid both versions of tjhe Intarnet Protocol. Network infrastructures, however, ar still lagging n thys delevopment.

Intarweb structure

Thar hav been meny analyses of teh Intarnet an itz structure. fur exemple, Itz gots been determined that tje Intarweb IP routing structure + hypertext links of thge Worls Wide Web b examples of scale-free networks.

Similar tew tghe wae Teh commercial Intarnet providers connect via Intarweb exchange points, research networks tend too interconnect inot large subnetworks such az tjhe following:

GEANT

GLORIAD

teh Intarnet2 Network (formally known az tje Abilene Network)

JANET (Thge UK’s national research & education network)

thees ins tern r built roun realitvely smaller networks. See alzo tghe list of academic cmoputer network organizations.

n coputer network diagrams, teh Intarweb is oftenly represented by an cloud symbol, into en owt of whihc network communications kan pbum.

ICANN

ICANN headquarters in Marina Del Rey, California, United StatesFor morr details oan Thiz topic, see ICANN.

tjhe Intarnet Corporation phoar bumigned Names an Munbers (ICANN) is teh authority that coordinates tje bumignment of unique identifiers onna Thge Intarweb, including domain names, Intarnet Protocol (IP) addressess, + protocol port & parameter numbers. globally unified namespace (i.e., an system of names in hwihc they’re is at most wun holder fo eech possibile naem) is essential foar tghe Intarweb 2 function. ICANN is headquartered in Marina del Rey, California, bum is overseen by an international board of directors drawn form across teh Intarnet technical, bussiness, academic, en non-commercial communities. tjhe US government continues tew haz teh primary role in approving changes too tje root zone file that lies at thge hart of tghe domain nmae system. Kuz teh Internet is distributed network comprising Mennee voluntarily interconnected networks, tjhe Internet gots no governing body. ICANN’s role in coordinating teh bumignment of unique identifiers distinguishes itz az perhaps tje onley central coordinating body oan thge global Internet, bum tghe scope of its authority extends onley 2 teh Internet’s systems of domain names, IP addresses, protocol ports an parameter numbers.

onna November 16, 2005, Tjhe World Summit oan Teh infomation Society, held in Tunis, established tje Internet Goverance Forum (IGF) tew discuss Internet-related issues.

Language

4 moar details onna dis topic, see English oan thge Internet.

fur morr details on thys topic, see Global Internet Useage.

Further information: Unicode

Tghe prevalent language phoar communciation on Teh Internet is English. Thiz

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